Esther Dyson | The challenge of transparency
The question is how to keep surveillance off the slippery slope to unaccountable snooping in democracies
So now we Americans know. We know that our government is spying not just on foreigners; it is also spying on us.
Of course, most of what the government “knows" about you is “known" only in the sense that someone could get at it if they wanted to find out more about you—or if your data matched some pattern that they were investigating. So, in a sense, the data that the government collects are harmless—that is, until such information is used for a real-world purpose, such as putting people on a no-fly list or forcing into an institution someone whose online posts are “troubling." And that is only the beginning.
Personally, I am reluctantly willing to accept the US government spying on people, especially foreigners, as long as it is constrained by rules that are public and enforced. The argument that “the other guys do it" is lame, but it is also true. The absence of a world government deters abusive power—however imperfectly, it forces governments to compete (even though they often collude). And, in an imperfect world, part of each government’s job is to protect its citizens from enemies.
Regardless of what I think, Americans live in a democracy, and overall, the public seems to support government surveillance. The question is how to keep surveillance off the slippery slope to unaccountable snooping. The most important principle is transparency: It is wrong to lie and pretend that we are not doing it.
Some Americans are horrified that our government is doing it at all; others think that it mostly depends on what the government is looking for—terrorists, yes; political opponents, no. What about troubled teenagers? Bullies? Potential criminals? There is a lot of judgement involved. In practice, resolving such questions must be a matter of continuous public scrutiny and negotiation.
But what of the assumptions that we rarely question? Yes, our government’s primary job is to protect us; but people die all the time, often unfairly, and there are limits on how much protection we seek or even allow. When it comes to terrorism, however, we have created an atmosphere of fear that is wildly disproportionate to the actual risk, handing power to terrorists unnecessarily and harming ourselves pre-emptively.
Do we want to call in the government over every possible irregularity? Do we want a world that is safe from criminals, but where most people are treated like criminals, with their every move monitored?
The things that trouble me are different. Power—especially destructive power—implies the need for transparency. That is, we should know more about our government than it knows about us. That is why I am more concerned with what the government does with its data concerning us. Will it circumscribe my freedom or prohibit me from taking certain jobs? Will it curb my right to speak freely or punish me by throwing me in jail? Will it scrutinize my tax returns extra carefully?
Carelessness about the truth leads to lack of accountability. But just having the truth does not create accountability by itself. Too many people who applaud (as do I) the leaks by the former US intelligence contractor Edward J. Snowden think that the job is done.
It is not: The reason for transparency is that we cannot resolve all questions in advance. There is no sensible way to regulate all government behaviour, but we do want—for ourselves and for whistleblowers—the right to legal recourse and to speak out if we (or someone else) may have been wronged.
Finally, in a transparent world, culture, as opposed to laws, becomes more important than ever as a guide to behaviour. Two trends deserve attention and mitigation (but not regulation or secrecy!). First, the press covers human tragedy and terrorism to such an extent that most parents are more scared of kidnappers than of careless drivers, and most of us fear terrorists more than careless homebuilders—despite statistics to the contrary. In the US, people are twice as likely to die from suicide as from homicide. But the correct response is more transparency (and some statistical sophistication) about the mundane fact that Americans are mostly safe.
Second, with transparency we tend to see more of humans at their worst. Badly behaved movie stars and politicians skew ideas of the norm—or of what should be acceptable. Obviously, not all types of bad behaviour should be criminalized; but voters and customers should still shun them.
In an environment of transparency, accountability becomes all the more important. Many Americans—to their great good fortune—do not have the experience to understand how much the misdeeds of powerful people and institutions are known while nothing is done. There is a naïve sense in the US that if bad things are known, they will be stopped. But transparency can only increase awareness of problems; it is up to us to take action.
©2013/project syndicate
Unlock a world of Benefits! From insightful newsletters to real-time stock tracking, breaking news and a personalized newsfeed – it's all here, just a click away! Login Now!