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Discover everything you need to know about personal finance, including wealth management, financial planning, taxes, mutual funds, money management, insurance, retirement, and real estate investment. Stay informed with the latest updates on finance, taxes, investments strategies, tax planning, financial independence, tax deductions and pension plans.

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\nWhile her core beat lies in business and finance, she is not confined to a single niche and frequently explores stories across domains, including international relations and policy developments.\n

\nShe holds a postgraduate diploma in business and financial journalism by Bloomberg from the Asian College of Journalism (ACJ), Chennai. During her time there, she received rigorous training in tracking financial data, interpreting corporate filings, and reporting on business developments. She has pursued her graduation from St. Joseph’s University, Bengaluru in a multi-disciplinary course. Her majors included Journalism, International Relations, peace and conflict studies.\n

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Profits from intraday trading and futures & options (F&O) trading are taxed differently from regular equity transactions in India. Under the income tax law, intraday trading is deemed speculative business income, while F&O gains are classified as non-speculative business income.

This classification has important implications for taxpayers as it impacts the applicable ITR form, filing deadline, tax treatment, and the rules governing loss set-off and carry forward.

ITR deadline for F&O and intraday traders

Since both intraday and F&O trading are considered business income, a taxpayer must file ITR-3. However, taxpayers opting for the presumptive taxation scheme, subject to eligibility conditions, can file their returns using ITR-4 instead.

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The due date for filing ITR-3 and ITR-4 and reporting income from F&O and intraday trading is mentioned below:

In both cases, the moment you have even one such transaction, it means you have business income, thus your filing timeline changes.

How intraday and F&O trading gains are taxed?

Since intraday trading is deemed speculative business income, it must be reported in the income tax return (ITR) under the head \"Profit and Gain From Business or Profession,\" and taxed at the applicable slab rate of a person.

A person engaging in intraday trading must prepare financial statements related to the transactions for accurate reporting while filing ITR.

Meanwhile income or loss from F&O is classified as non-speculative business income, according to Section 66 of the Income Tax Act, 2025. Hence, gains arising from F&O transactions must be reported as normal business income under the head ‘Profits & Gains from Business and Profession.’ of the ITR form.

Additionally, F&O traders must maintain books of accounts if their income exceeds ₹2.5 lakh or turnover exceeds ₹25 lakh in any of the three preceding years or in the first year in case of a new business, according to ClearTax.

Difference between F&O and intraday trading

While both involve short-term trading, intraday trading and F&O are different. Intraday trading refers to buying and selling shares on the same trading day without taking delivery. In this, the trader’s primary purpose is to take advantage of the short-term price movements and make profits the very same day.

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In contrast, F&O trading involves derivative contracts and is treated as non-speculative business income, even if positions are squared off on the same day. Instead of buying or selling actual shares of a company, you trade contracts whose value is based on an underlying asset such as a stock or a market index.

How are intraday and F&O losses set off

The rules for setting off losses differ for intraday and F&O trading. Intraday trading losses, being speculative in nature, can be adjusted only against speculative business income. They can also be carried forward for up to four assessment years, provided the ITR is filed within the due date.

F&O losses, on the other hand, can be set off against any income except salary in the same financial year. Unadjusted losses can be carried forward for up to eight assessment years and set off against future non-speculative business income, but not against speculative business income.

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\nWhile her core beat lies in business and finance, she is not confined to a single niche and frequently explores stories across domains, including international relations and policy developments.\n

\nShe holds a postgraduate diploma in business and financial journalism by Bloomberg from the Asian College of Journalism (ACJ), Chennai. During her time there, she received rigorous training in tracking financial data, interpreting corporate filings, and reporting on business developments. She has pursued her graduation from St. Joseph’s University, Bengaluru in a multi-disciplinary course. Her majors included Journalism, International Relations, peace and conflict studies.\n

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The process of claiming a deceased loved one's mutual fund investments can be quite cumbersome for families, with even minor inconsistencies in investor records leading to additional paperwork and delays.

To make it easier for nominees and legal heirs, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has asked the Association of Mutual Funds in India (AMFI) to simplify the industry's transmission norms.

“SEBI, as an ongoing investor-friendly initiative, has advised AMFI to further simplify the standards on 'Procedure to Claim Units / Proceeds upon death of a unit holder' to address operational challenges faced by kin of deceased investors during the transmission process for mutual funds,\" the market regulator said in a press release last week.

According to AMFI, the revised standard operating procedure (SOP) has already been shared with all member asset management companies (AMCs) and is effective on an immediate basis.

Address mismatch to no longer delay MF transmission

One of the key changes concerns discrepancies between the address recorded in the mutual fund folio and the address mentioned in the supporting documents submitted by the claimant. Such a mismatch used to delay the processing of transmission requests, often requiring additional verification and documentation.

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Under the revised norms, AMCs can now rely on the latest available address details, provided they are backed by relevant documents.

This move is expected to reduce delays caused by outdated records, particularly in cases where investors have changed their residence over the years without updating the address in every mutual fund folio.

Name, signature issues to be handled under a common framework

SEBI has also standardised the process for handling mismatches in an investor's name or signature, two common issues that often lead to delays in claim processing of MF units.

Under the revised framework, AMCs may follow procedures similar to those prescribed for Registrar and Transfer Agents (RTAs) under SEBI's Master Circular dated February 6, 2026.

In case of name mismatch, claimants can submit self-certified identity documents such as Aadhaar or a passport, to establish their identity. For signature mismatches, AMCs can follow the framework already prescribed by SEBI for RTAs, depending on the nature of the mismatch.

What should investors do?

SEBI has also asked AMFI to conduct training programmes for all entities involved in the transmission process to ensure the revised norms are implemented consistently across the mutual fund industry.

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While the new framework is expected to simplify claims and reduce delays, investors can help avoid future complications by ensuring their KYC details, contact information and nomination records are kept up to date.

How is transmission of MF units done?

If the first holder of the mutual fund units passes away, the units are transmitted to the surviving second holder. In case there is only one holder, the units are transmitted to the nominee or the legal heir.

To initiate the transmission process, the claimant needs to submit the transmission request form along with mandatory supporting documents to their respective AMC or RTA such as CAMS or KFintech.

The process can take up to 10 business days after submission of the complete set of required documents, but it depends on the entity handling the transmission.

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\nWhile her core beat lies in business and finance, she is not confined to a single niche and frequently explores stories across domains, including international relations and policy developments.\n

\nShe holds a postgraduate diploma in business and financial journalism by Bloomberg from the Asian College of Journalism (ACJ), Chennai. During her time there, she received rigorous training in tracking financial data, interpreting corporate filings, and reporting on business developments. She has pursued her graduation from St. Joseph’s University, Bengaluru in a multi-disciplinary course. Her majors included Journalism, International Relations, peace and conflict studies.\n

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The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) announced on Saturday that the Aadhaar App has crossed 40 million (4 crore) downloads, reflecting the growing adoption of the new platform that allows residents to access and manage Aadhaar-related services directly from their smartphones.

According to the government, nearly 49 lakh mobile numbers, 11.65 lakh addresses and 12.5 lakh email addresses have been updated through the new application. Residents have also used the biometric lock and unlock feature more than 1.91 crore (19.1 million) times.

On 28 January 2026, the new Aadhaar App was introduced as a next-generation identity tool for verification without carrying photocopies. It replaced the previous mAadhaar app . Over the past few months, the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) has urged users to switch to the new Aadhaar app, which can be downloaded on both Android and iOS devices.

What are the services available on the Aadhaar app?

The redesigned app offers a wide range of Aadhaar-related services, from updating certain details to downloading e-Aadhaar and managing biometric authentication. Here's what the new Aadhaar app brings:

Separately, the authority has extended its free online Aadhaar document update service by one year, allowing residents to update and verify their identity and address documents on the Aadhaar portal at no extra cost.

According to an official UIDAI memorandum, the facility will now remain available until 14 June 2027, rather than ending on 15 June 2026.

Who can update their mobile number through the Aadhaar App?

An user is allowed to update their mobile number on the Aadhaar app, though it depends on the situation.

If your existing mobile number is already linked with Aadhaar and is available with you, you can update it through the Aadhaar App, according to UIDAI FAQs.

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However, if you have lost access to your registered mobile number or have never registered one with Aadhaar, then you are required to visit an Aadhaar Seva Kendra or an authorised Aadhaar enrolment and update centre to register or update your mobile number.

Can you update your address?

Yes, users can update their addresses through the Aadhaar app.

UIDAI also allows eligible users to update their addresses through the Head of Family (HoF) method. Under this facility, a family member whose Aadhaar contains the correct address can approve the request through the Aadhaar App.

Users can now update their email address for free

The email update feature became available on the Aadhaar App on July 1, 2026.

The government has also waived the ₹75 fee for email updates made through the Aadhaar App until December 31, 2026.

What changes under the Aadhaar app?

The most significant change in the new app is the shift from document sharing to digital verification. Over the years, Aadhaar holders have been asked to submit photocopies of their Aadhaar card for hotel check-ins, SIM card verification, rental agreements and several other situations.

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This often meant sharing more personal information than necessary and leaving copies of the document with multiple organisations. However, the new Aadhaar app seeks to reduce this dependence on physical copies by offering privacy-first features mentioned above.

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She holds a degree in Economics (Hons.) along with an MBA in Finance, which has helped her develop a strong foundation in financial analysis, market understanding, and business reporting. Before joining journalism, she worked with finance and broking firms, where she closely followed market developments, investment strategies, and evolving industry trends. This practical exposure strengthened her understanding of financial markets. She has also written content across multiple formats and platforms, including YouTube, LinkedIn, and Instagram.

Over time, she has developed expertise in covering market-linked stories, investor-focused topics, and regulatory updates in a simplified yet informative style. She also enjoys reading and listening to Hindi poetry, reflecting her appreciation for literature and creative expression beyond the world of markets and numbers.","specializationList":null}],"performanceArticleType":null,"appCollectionPosition":null,"appDesign":null,"prContextualKeywords":"stablemoney1,FixedDeposit,plc1,pfpl0804,Investmentkey,BfsiAxisMuCapFund,centurybrand,USgeography,USgovernment,educationGAM,educationAll,AltDrx1,USwealth,bfsi_ai,education_ai,luxury_products_ai,style_fashion_ai,BFSI_pf_ai,Jewellery_ai,financialPlan_ai,lifestyle_ai,investment_ai,beauty_ai,accessories_ai,Smallbusiness3_ai","sectionId":1544428603138,"subSectionId":1544680378828,"iconImageUrl":null,"crawledWidgetType":null,"crawledWidgetData":null,"selectedStream":null,"productWidgetData":null,"highlight":false,"highlightText":null,"collapseArticle":false,"removeTimestamp":false,"disclaimerMap":[],"disableEcho":false,"disableEchoPoweredPopup":false,"disableMidArticleEchoWidget":false,"marketInsights":null,"iabTagging":"52","adKeywordsList":[],"premiumStoryWeb":false,"premiumStoryApp":false},"social":{"twitter":false,"facebook":false,"web":false,"mobile":false},"isDeleted":0,"webId":"","expiryDate":null,"listRelatedStories":null,"listCollectionStories":null,"listCollectionPages":null,"moreFromThisSection":null,"trending":null,"name":"","timestamp":null,"heading":null,"timeToComplete":0,"timeToCompleteinHrs":0,"tools":null,"supplies":null,"type":"story","paragraph":null,"image":null,"video":null,"liveBlog":null,"listicle":null,"listicleType":"","listicleArray":null,"listicleBulletType":null,"listicleHeadline":null,"indicesNew":null,"relatedStories":null,"collectionStories":null,"embed":null,"collectionPages":null,"elements":[11784539779419,11784539779168,11784539711581,11784539756762,11784539711427,11784536735493],"listElement":[{"id":11784539779419,"oldUuid":"","domainId":"5aeab8eefc36f218b0e0866b","mgOldUuid":null,"sourceBody":null,"jsonSourceUrlBody":null,"title":"","articleType":"element","createdBy":"Sheetal Goel","createdDate":"2026-07-20T09:29:39+0000","lastModifiedBy":"211140","lastModifiedDate":"2026-07-20T09:49:29+0000","lastPublishedBy":"Mohammad Abdul Rafi","lastPublishedDate":"2026-07-20T10:11:24+0000","firstPublishedDate":"2026-07-20T10:11:24+0000","metadata":{"url":"","authors":null,"charCount":1195,"wordCount":204,"agency":"","status":"CREATED","tags":null,"keywords":null,"section":"","column":"","subSection":"","topic":null,"topicUrls":null,"alternateSection":null,"location":null,"markUnimportant":false,"breakingNews":false,"sponsored":false,"editedBy":null,"writtenBy":null,"reportedBy":null,"agencyByLine":null,"bigStory":false,"deleteMode":null,"redirectUrl":"","videoMetadata":null,"dynamicMeta":null,"alternateUrls":null,"externalUrl":"","subSectionL2":"","design":"","canonicalUrl":"","killed":false,"killedStatusCode":0,"audioSourceUrl":"","disclaimer":"","sponsoredTitle":"","storyType":null,"jsonSourceUrl":null,"subType":null,"syndicationFeed":false,"premiumStory":false,"premiumSubBrand":null,"wallOfWeb":null,"metaTitle":"","metaDescription":"","ytMigrated":"","handpicked":false,"audienceTags":null,"autoBackLinked":false,"autoBackLinkCount":0,"totalLinkCount":0,"vdoAiUrl":"","aiContent":false,"aiContentType":null,"removeAds":false,"contextualKeyword":null,"embedAmazonCount":0,"embedCromaCount":0,"embedFlipkartCount":0,"embedSnapdealCount":0,"embedFlipkart25Count":0,"embedD2CBrandsCount":0,"typeOfFormat":null,"relatedStoryTitle":null,"relatedStoryUrl":null,"additionalFields":null,"tableOfContentsHeading":null,"authorsList":null,"performanceArticleType":null,"appCollectionPosition":null,"appDesign":null,"prContextualKeywords":null,"sectionId":null,"subSectionId":null,"iconImageUrl":null,"crawledWidgetType":null,"crawledWidgetData":null,"selectedStream":null,"productWidgetData":null,"highlight":false,"highlightText":null,"collapseArticle":false,"removeTimestamp":false,"disclaimerMap":[],"disableEcho":false,"disableEchoPoweredPopup":false,"disableMidArticleEchoWidget":false,"marketInsights":null,"iabTagging":null,"adKeywordsList":[],"premiumStoryWeb":false,"premiumStoryApp":false},"social":{"twitter":true,"facebook":true},"isDeleted":0,"webId":"","expiryDate":null,"listRelatedStories":null,"listCollectionStories":null,"listCollectionPages":null,"moreFromThisSection":null,"trending":null,"name":"paragraph","timestamp":"2026-07-20T09:29:39+0000","heading":null,"timeToComplete":0,"timeToCompleteinHrs":0,"tools":null,"supplies":null,"type":"paragraph","paragraph":{"body":"

Walk into two jewellery stores on the same day, and you may find different prices for the same gold ornament. That often leaves buyers wondering whether they are getting a fair deal or paying more than they should.

In a recent post on X, Sanjay Kathuria shared a clip from the Sanjay Kathuria Podcast, where renowned bullion trader and jewellery expert SS Alam explained a simple way for customers to estimate the fair value of gold before buying jewellery.

Kathuria wrote, “A jeweller charges you three things. The gold rate, wastage, and making charges. Most people only look at the final number.”

However, checking the base gold rate can help buyers determine whether they are paying a fair price.

How to calculate the gold price in India using the COMEX rate?

International gold prices are generally quoted in US dollars per troy ounce on exchanges such as COMEX. To estimate the Indian gold price, buyers need to convert the international price into rupees per gram and add applicable duties and taxes.

He wrote, “Check COMEX for the international per-ounce price. Multiply it by today’s dollar-rupee rate. Convert that ounce rate into grams. Then add 6% excise duty, and on top of that, 3% GST.”

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Let’s take an example. Assume the COMEX gold price is $4,030 per ounce and the exchange rate is ₹96 per dollar.

First, convert the international gold price into rupees:

Using 1 ounce = 28.35 grams, the price per gram comes to:

Next, add around 6% excise duty:

Finally, add 3% GST:

Therefore, the estimated price of 24-karat gold is around ₹14,903 per gram.

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"Every jeweller tells you a different gold rate. How to check whether you are being overcharged or not price?"

"A jeweller charges you three things. The gold rate, wastage, and making charges. Most people only look at the final number."

"Here's you actually calculate the real… pic.twitter.com/lDHFivALfd

— Sanjay Kathuria (@sanjaykathuria) July 18, 2026
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How to calculate the price of 22-karat gold?

Jewellery is made from 22-karat gold, as it offers greater durability than pure 24-karat gold.

Kathuria explained that, “For 22 karat, you multiply by 91.6%, because 1 karat equals 4.16% purity, not the 4.16% purity per karat everyone assumes.”

Since 22-karat gold is approximately 91.6% pure, the estimated price would be:

So, the value of 22-karat gold in India comes to around ₹13,651 per gram before adding wastage, making charges, and other costs.

While making charges and wastage can differ across jewellers, understanding the base gold price can help buyers compare quotes and make a more informed purchase decision.

Disclaimer: This is for informational and educational purposes only. Please consult a qualified expert before making any decisions.

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She holds a degree in Economics (Hons.) along with an MBA in Finance, which has helped her develop a strong foundation in financial analysis, market understanding, and business reporting. Before joining journalism, she worked with finance and broking firms, where she closely followed market developments, investment strategies, and evolving industry trends. This practical exposure strengthened her understanding of financial markets. She has also written content across multiple formats and platforms, including YouTube, LinkedIn, and Instagram.

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Balanced advantage funds, also known as dynamic asset allocation funds, are designed to dynamically adjust their allocation between equity and debt based on market conditions.

Under the SEBI categorisation rules, these hybrid funds can invest between 0% and 100% in equity and equity-related instruments, and 0% to 100% in debt instruments. However, the flexibility afforded by the category also allows fund managers to adopt distinct asset allocation strategies.

A comparison of the HDFC Balanced Advantage Fund and the Parag Parikh Dynamic Asset Allocation Fund reveals how funds within the same SEBI category can adopt very different strategies.

Equity exposure differs sharply

According to Value Research data as of 30 June, HDFC Balanced Advantage Fund had 70.77% of its assets invested in equities, making it relatively equity-heavy. It also allocated 25.72% to debt, 1.57% to real estate and 1.96% to cash and cash equivalents.

However, Parag Parikh Dynamic Asset Allocation Fund had a much lower 14.78% allocation to equities. A majority of its portfolio was invested in debt (59.89%), while 14.72% was held in cash and cash equivalents and 10.61% in real estate-related investments.

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Portfolio construction varies

The two funds also differ sharply in terms of portfolio diversification. HDFC Fund held 159 stocks, indicating a broadly diversified equity portfolio. On the other hand, Parag Parikh Fund invested in 31 stocks, reflecting a more concentrated approach.

Within their equity portfolios, both funds maintained a large-cap bias, although their allocations varied slightly. HDFC's equity portfolio comprised 74.58% large-cap stocks, 13.66% mid-cap stocks and 11.75% small-cap stocks.

Parag Parikh's equity allocation included 71.14% in large-cap stocks, 18.36% in mid-cap stocks and 10.50% in small-cap stocks.

Top stock holdings are different

HDFC Balanced Advantage Fund's major holdings include ICICI Bank, HDFC Bank, Reliance Industries, State Bank of India and Bharti Airtel.

Parag Parikh Fund's top equity positions include Coal India, Reliance Industries, Power Grid Corporation, Petronet LNG and HDFC Bank.

Debt portfolios follow different strategies

HDFC Balanced Advantage Fund had 16.71% exposure to AAA-rated securities and 7.92% to sovereign securities (SOV).

However, Parag Parikh's fund had a significantly larger allocation to sovereign securities at 42.17%, along with 17.53% in AAA-rated instruments, indicating a greater emphasis on high-quality government-backed debt securities.

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Portfolio strategies influence returns and risk

In the last one year, HDFC Balanced Advantage Fund delivered only a 1.28% return despite a higher equity allocation, while Parag Parikh Dynamic Asset Allocation Fund delivered 3.81%. (Returns as of 17 July 2026)

Over the last six months, HDFC's fund posted a negative return of 0.76%, whereas Parag Parikh's fund generated a 3.10% return.

HDFC Fund carries a “very high” risk rating, whereas Parag Parikh Fund has a lower risk rating of “moderately high.”

This comparison highlights that funds within the same SEBI category can have substantially different asset allocations, portfolio construction, and return profiles, underscoring the importance of looking beyond the category label.

Disclaimer: This is purely for educational/ informational purposes and should not be taken as any sort of investment advice. Always consult a SEBI-registered advisor before making any investment decisions.

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With over 12 years of experience across digital, print, and broadcast media, she has built a reputation for explaining personal finance in a way that is both practical and relatable.

She is working with Mint as an Assistant Editor and has previously worked with leading publications such as The Economic Times, Business Today, Fortune India, Outlook Money and Business Standard. She is also the co-author of “The Big Bull of Dalal Street”, a Penguin bestseller that chronicles the life of renowned investor late Rakesh Jhunjhunwala. She was also selected among a small group of journalists for the Asia Journalism Fellowship, underscoring her credibility in the field.

Aprajita is known for advocating unbiased, fee-only financial advice and for her sharp understanding of investor behaviour. Through her writing and storytelling, she continues to empower individuals to make more informed, confident financial choices. She is also a Kathak enthusiast.","specializationList":null}],"performanceArticleType":null,"appCollectionPosition":null,"appDesign":null,"prContextualKeywords":"FixedDeposit,plc1,EducationKey,stoxokey,BusinessKey,pfpl0804,Investmentkey,BfsiAxisMuCapFund,centurybrand,USgeography,USgovernment,educationGAM,educationAll,AltDrx1,USwealth,bfsi_ai,jobs_career_ai,BFSI_pf_ai,financialPlan_ai,investment_ai,Smallbusiness3_ai","sectionId":1544428603138,"subSectionId":1544680378828,"iconImageUrl":null,"crawledWidgetType":null,"crawledWidgetData":null,"selectedStream":null,"productWidgetData":null,"highlight":false,"highlightText":null,"collapseArticle":false,"removeTimestamp":false,"disclaimerMap":[],"disableEcho":false,"disableEchoPoweredPopup":false,"disableMidArticleEchoWidget":false,"marketInsights":null,"iabTagging":"52","adKeywordsList":[],"premiumStoryWeb":true,"premiumStoryApp":true},"social":{"twitter":false,"facebook":false,"web":false,"mobile":false},"isDeleted":0,"webId":"","expiryDate":null,"listRelatedStories":null,"listCollectionStories":null,"listCollectionPages":null,"moreFromThisSection":null,"trending":null,"name":"","timestamp":null,"heading":null,"timeToComplete":0,"timeToCompleteinHrs":0,"tools":null,"supplies":null,"type":"story","paragraph":null,"image":null,"video":null,"liveBlog":null,"listicle":null,"listicleType":"","listicleArray":null,"listicleBulletType":null,"listicleHeadline":null,"indicesNew":null,"relatedStories":null,"collectionStories":null,"embed":null,"collectionPages":null,"elements":[11784535761908,11784536067043,11784535761578,11784535803597,11784535803284,11784535785425,11784535785200,11784526830807],"listElement":[{"id":11784535761908,"oldUuid":"","domainId":"5aeab8eefc36f218b0e0866b","mgOldUuid":null,"sourceBody":null,"jsonSourceUrlBody":null,"title":"","articleType":"element","createdBy":"Summaya J Qureshi","createdDate":"2026-07-20T08:22:41+0000","lastModifiedBy":"212374","lastModifiedDate":"2026-07-20T08:24:43+0000","lastPublishedBy":"Summaya J Qureshi","lastPublishedDate":"2026-07-20T08:27:46+0000","firstPublishedDate":"2026-07-20T08:27:44+0000","metadata":{"url":"","authors":null,"charCount":858,"wordCount":163,"agency":"","status":"CREATED","tags":null,"keywords":null,"section":"","column":"","subSection":"","topic":null,"topicUrls":null,"alternateSection":null,"location":null,"markUnimportant":false,"breakingNews":false,"sponsored":false,"editedBy":null,"writtenBy":null,"reportedBy":null,"agencyByLine":null,"bigStory":false,"deleteMode":null,"redirectUrl":"","videoMetadata":null,"dynamicMeta":null,"alternateUrls":null,"externalUrl":"","subSectionL2":"","design":"","canonicalUrl":"","killed":false,"killedStatusCode":0,"audioSourceUrl":"","disclaimer":"","sponsoredTitle":"","storyType":null,"jsonSourceUrl":null,"subType":null,"syndicationFeed":false,"premiumStory":false,"premiumSubBrand":null,"wallOfWeb":null,"metaTitle":"","metaDescription":"","ytMigrated":"","handpicked":false,"audienceTags":null,"autoBackLinked":false,"autoBackLinkCount":0,"totalLinkCount":0,"vdoAiUrl":"","aiContent":false,"aiContentType":null,"removeAds":false,"contextualKeyword":null,"embedAmazonCount":0,"embedCromaCount":0,"embedFlipkartCount":0,"embedSnapdealCount":0,"embedFlipkart25Count":0,"embedD2CBrandsCount":0,"typeOfFormat":null,"relatedStoryTitle":null,"relatedStoryUrl":null,"additionalFields":null,"tableOfContentsHeading":null,"authorsList":null,"performanceArticleType":null,"appCollectionPosition":null,"appDesign":null,"prContextualKeywords":null,"sectionId":null,"subSectionId":null,"iconImageUrl":null,"crawledWidgetType":null,"crawledWidgetData":null,"selectedStream":null,"productWidgetData":null,"highlight":false,"highlightText":null,"collapseArticle":false,"removeTimestamp":false,"disclaimerMap":[],"disableEcho":false,"disableEchoPoweredPopup":false,"disableMidArticleEchoWidget":false,"marketInsights":null,"iabTagging":null,"adKeywordsList":[],"premiumStoryWeb":false,"premiumStoryApp":false},"social":{"twitter":true,"facebook":true},"isDeleted":0,"webId":"","expiryDate":null,"listRelatedStories":null,"listCollectionStories":null,"listCollectionPages":null,"moreFromThisSection":null,"trending":null,"name":"paragraph","timestamp":"2026-07-20T08:22:41+0000","heading":null,"timeToComplete":0,"timeToCompleteinHrs":0,"tools":null,"supplies":null,"type":"paragraph","paragraph":{"body":"

The Employees’ Pension Scheme (EPS) often remains the least understood part of your provident fund even though a good amount goes into it. From eligibility and contributions to withdrawing the money and how monthly pension is calculated, the rules for EPS are vastly different from those governing the Employees’ Provident Fund (EPF).

Recent claim rejections due to incorrect EPS contributions have brought the spotlight back on the pension scheme. Here's a guide to how EPS works, who is covered and the key rules.

EPS contribution

EPS is the pension arm of the Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO). While employees contribute 12% of their basic salary and dearness allowance entirely to EPF, they do not contribute separately to EPS.

Instead, 8.33% of the employer's matching 12% contribution, subject to the statutory wage ceiling of ₹15,000 a month, is diverted to EPS. This means the maximum contribution to EPS is ₹1,250 a month, with the balance of the employer's contribution flowing to the EPF account.

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Unlike EPF, EPS does not earn annual interest or maintain an individual account balance. Contributions from all members are pooled into a common pension fund from which monthly pensions are paid.

While your EPF balance gets consolidated after a transfer, the same does not happen with EPS. Even after transferring your EPS from your previous employer to the current one, the EPS contribution will continue to appear separately against each employer in your passbook.

\"People often ask us why their EPS still appears under their previous employer even after they have transferred it. That's because an EPS transfer only carries forward your pensionable service history; it does not involve any transfer of funds. As a result, there is no single consolidated EPS balance, making it difficult for members to verify whether the transfer has actually been completed,\" said Kunal Kabra, co-founder of fintech startup Kustodian.Life.

Withdrawal from EPS

Although EPS is designed to provide a pension after retirement, a lump-sum withdrawal is permitted if you leave your job before completing 10 years of eligible service. It is 113 months or 9.4 years, to be precise. EPFO rounds it off to 10 years if it is above 113 months. Once that happens, you cannot withdraw the EPS amount as a lump sum. Instead, you become eligible for a monthly pension, generally from the age of 58.

What if you leave your job after completing 10 years and do not join any other organization? You can obtain a scheme certificate from your last employer. This document preserves your pensionable service and can be used to claim pension at retirement or when transferred if you join another EPF-covered establishment after a gap.

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EPS eligibility

EPS eligibility hinges on one crucial date: 1 September 2014. If you joined the workforce for the first time on or after this date and your basic salary exceeded ₹15,000 a month, you are not eligible to become an EPS member. In such cases, the employer's entire contribution is credited to your EPF account. However, if your basic salary was ₹15,000 or less, you become an EPS member, with 8.33% of the employer's contribution (up to ₹1,250 a month) diverted to EPS.

What if you were already contributing to EPS before 1 September 2014 and your basic salary later crossed ₹15,000? Nothing changes. The wage ceiling applies only to new entrants joining EPF on or after 1 September 2014. Existing EPS members continue contributing to both EPF and EPS under the prevailing rules.

This seemingly simple eligibility rule has become a major source of disputes in recent months. Many pension claims are being rejected because of incorrect EPS contributions or because the employee has been classified as ineligible for the pension scheme.

\"If EPS has been deducted for a member who was never eligible for the pension scheme, the contribution has to be transferred from EPS to EPF. Since EPF earns interest while EPS does not, the interest also has to be recalculated. Conversely, if EPS contributions were not deducted for someone who should have been an EPS member, the money has to be moved from EPF to EPS and the excess interest credited to EPF has to be reversed,\" said Kabra.

The rectification can take months.

\"If the erroneous contribution relates to FY26, the correction can be initiated from July. But if the mistake occurred during the current financial year, say, between April and June, the member will have to wait until the financial year ends and then wait several more months for the correction to be processed,\" Kabra added.

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Pension calculation

The EPFO calculates your pension using the following formula:

Monthly pension = pensionable salary × pensionable service ÷ 70

For most members, the pensionable salary is capped at ₹15,000 a month. Assuming 35 years of pensionable service, the monthly pension works out to:

₹15,000 × 35 ÷ 70 = ₹7,500

This figure is often cited as the maximum pension under the standard EPS framework. However, it is not a statutory cap. If a member has more than 35 years of pensionable service, the pension can be higher. Similarly, members who opted for the higher pension scheme may receive a substantially larger pension because their pension is calculated on actual eligible salary rather than the ₹15,000 wage ceiling.

The minimum pension under EPS remains ₹1,000 a month.

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She holds a degree in Economics (Hons.) along with an MBA in Finance, which has helped her develop a strong foundation in financial analysis, market understanding, and business reporting. Before joining journalism, she worked with finance and broking firms, where she closely followed market developments, investment strategies, and evolving industry trends. This practical exposure strengthened her understanding of financial markets. She has also written content across multiple formats and platforms, including YouTube, LinkedIn, and Instagram.

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A job switch during the financial year can lead to an unexpected tax liability, even if both employers have deducted TDS correctly. This happens because each employer calculates TDS only on the salary it pays, while your final tax is computed on your total annual income.

Dev Patel, Financial Advisor at 1 Finance, highlights a case in which an employee incurred a tax liability of ₹1.69 lakh despite both employers correctly deducting TDS.

Why can correct TDS deductions still lead to tax liability?

Explaining the case on X, Patel said, “A client of mine switched jobs last August.”

Patel said the employee received a salary of ₹7 lakh from the previous employer between April 2025 and July 2025, while the new employer paid ₹18 lakh between August 2025 and March 2026. The previous employer deducted zero TDS, while the new employer deducted ₹1.51 lakh. Both employers deducted TDS correctly, and the employee was certain that no additional tax was payable.

However, Patel wrote that when the employee filed the income tax return, a tax liability of ₹1.69 lakh emerged.

The reason, he said, is that employers calculate TDS based only on the salary they pay and do not automatically know about income received from another employer during the same financial year.

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How do separate TDS calculations affect final tax liability?

In this case, Patel says, the first employer considered only a ₹7 lakh salary. Under the new tax regime, after considering the Section 87A rebate eligibility, no TDS was deducted.

“The zero on the first job looks like an error. It is actually where the story begins,” Patel explained.

The second employer calculated TDS only on the ₹18 lakh salary. It provided the standard deduction of ₹75,000 and calculated tax accordingly, resulting in TDS of ₹1.51 lakh. However, as Patel said, “The tax department does not see two salaries. It sees one person who earned ₹25 lakh.”

Since the standard deduction can be claimed only once and tax slabs apply to the combined annual income, the employee's income falls into the 25% and 30% tax brackets, which the employer did not account for while deducting TDS.

As a result, the total tax liability on ₹25 lakh income for FY 2025-26 worked out to ₹3.20 lakh. With only ₹1.51 lakh deducted as TDS, the employee was left with an additional ₹1.69 lakh tax liability, apart from any applicable interest.

How can Form 12 B prevent such tax surprises?

When an employee changes jobs during a financial year, they need to submit Form 12B to the new employer. Under the Income Tax Act, 2025, this has changed to Form 122.

“Form 12B is to be given to your new employer with your previous salary and TDS details, and they compute TDS on your combined income from day one,” Patel said.

Using these details, the new employer can calculate TDS on the combined salary income for the entire year and deduct tax accordingly.

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\uD83E\uDDF5A client of mine switched jobs last August.

Both employers deducted TDS correctly, every rupee showed up on the portal, and he was certain he owed nothing.

Then she sat down to file his ITR and found a tax bill of ₹1.69 lakh.

Nobody made a mistake. That is the problem.\uD83D\uDC47

— Dev Patel (@devpatelx6) July 19, 2026
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What should employees do after switching jobs?

Employees who have changed jobs during FY 2025-26 should not rely only on Form 16 from their current employer.

Before filing ITR for AY 2026-27, taxpayers should check:

“If there is a gap, pay self-assessment tax before 31 July,” Patel wrote.

Disclaimer: This is only for informational and educational purposes. Please consult a qualified tax expert for the latest tax laws and regulations.

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The gap arises because TDS is calculated employer-wise, while final tax is based on total annual income. Form 12B can help avoid this mismatch.","quickReadSummary":"Employees who switch jobs in FY 2025-26 must consider more than just Form 16 before filing their ITR for AY 2026-27, as relying solely on it can lead to unexpected tax liabilities. They should verify total salary, eligibility for standard deductions, and ensure TDS aligns with combined income to avoid significant back taxes. 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She holds a degree in Economics (Hons.) along with an MBA in Finance, which has helped her develop a strong foundation in financial analysis, market understanding, and business reporting. Before joining journalism, she worked with finance and broking firms, where she closely followed market developments, investment strategies, and evolving industry trends. This practical exposure strengthened her understanding of financial markets. She has also written content across multiple formats and platforms, including YouTube, LinkedIn, and Instagram.

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The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY), in a press release dated 18 July, highlighted the growing adoption of the Aadhaar App, which has crossed four crore downloads.

The ministry also said that Aadhaar holders have used the “Biometric Lock/Unlock” feature more than 1.91 crore times, indicating increased awareness around securing personal identity information.

The feature gives users greater control over their Aadhaar-linked biometrics by allowing them to lock or temporarily unlock them as needed, helping reduce the risk of unauthorized biometric authentication.

What is Aadhaar Biometric Lock?

Biometric Lock is a security feature that enables Aadhaar cardholders to lock their fingerprint, iris and facial authentication linked to their Aadhaar number. Once biometrics are locked, they cannot be used for Aadhaar authentication until the user unlocks them.

This security means that no individual or organization can complete biometric Aadhaar authentication using the locked biometrics, adding an extra layer of protection against misuse.

The facility is available only to Aadhaar holders whose mobile number is registered with Aadhaar.

If someone attempts biometric authentication using the UID (Unique Identification Number) while biometrics are locked, the authentication request fails and returns error code “330”, indicating that the biometrics are currently locked.

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How to lock or unlock biometrics using Aadhaar App?

Users can enable or disable biometric locking directly through the Aadhaar App by following these steps:

Alternative method

The same feature can also be accessed through the app's Security section:

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Why should you use Aadhaar Biometric Lock feature?

Biometric authentication is commonly used for identity verification while availing various Aadhaar-enabled services. Locking biometrics ensures that fingerprint, iris or facial authentication cannot be used without the Aadhaar holder's consent.

In the press release, MeitY said: “This feature empowers Aadhaar number holders with greater control over their personal information by allowing them to instantly lock or unlock their biometrics whenever required, adding an extra layer of security with just a few taps.”

Disclaimer: This is for informational purposes only. Please check the official website for the latest updates.

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When a young Indian packs their bags for the US, UK, Canada, or the Gulf, the narrative back home is almost always the same: they have made it. The assumption is that earning in dollars, pounds, or dirhams equals instant, overflowing wealth.

But behind the social media posts of foreign landscapes and new cars lies a silent, emotionally draining reality. It is a phenomenon where high earnings do not translate to high personal wealth.

Welcome to the NRI guilt blackhole.

The psychology of the guilt tax

To understand where the money goes, you first have to understand the psychology of leaving home.

When you move thousands of miles away from your parents, siblings and extended family, a heavy, often unspoken emotion can take root: survivor's guilt.

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You are enjoying better infrastructure, higher pay and a better standard of living, while your ageing parents navigate traffic, healthcare and everyday challenges back home. Because you cannot be there physically to help with daily chores, attend family functions or care for sick relatives, you try to compensate in the only way you can: with money.

Money becomes a substitute for presence.

This is the guilt tax. It is not legally demanded, but it is culturally enforced. Many NRIs unknowingly become the informal financial safety net for their entire extended family.

The money trap

Financially, the NRI guilt blackhole is devastating.

Building wealth requires taking the money you earn and putting it into assets that grow over time (like mutual funds, FDs or real estate that you control). But the guilt tax forces NRIs to pour their money into dead assets or consumption.

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Here is the brutal math of the NRI financial trap:

  1. High-cost living: they are paying exorbitant rent, high taxes, and expensive healthcare costs in their host country.
  2. The family ATM: simultaneously, they are funding multiple dependents back in India.
  3. Zero compounding: the money sent home for a big fat Indian wedding or a home renovation does not earn interest. It disappears into social prestige.

As a result, many NRIs find themselves living pay check to pay check, despite earning a massive salary. Their ability to build personal wealth in their host country is severely stunted because their surplus cash is constantly leaking across borders.

The return dilemma

Almost every NRI leaves with a similar plan: I will work here for five years, save a substantial amount of money and then return to India.

But five years become ten. Ten become twenty. Eventually, many realise they are permanently stuck.

Why? The NRI guilt blackhole plays a major role.

After spending years supporting everyone else's lifestyle, many have not built an adequate retirement corpus for themselves. This creates a difficult trap.

They are effectively wearing golden handcuffs. They hate being away from home, but they cannot afford to return home because they have given all their wealth away.

Breaking the cycle

The concept of the joint family is beautiful, but mixing it with modern global economics often leads to hidden poverty.

Breaking free from the NRI guilt blackhole does not mean abandoning your family. It means shifting from emotional impulsiveness to financial boundaries. It requires the courage to say, I can help with necessities, but I cannot fund luxuries.

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Because ultimately, the best thing an NRI can do for their family is to become truly financially independent themselves—so that when they finally do decide to book that one-way ticket home, they are coming back for good, not just until the money runs out.

After all, the greatest gift you can give your ageing parents is not simply a foreign remittance, but your physical presence and emotional support when they need it most.

Ajay Pruthi, founder, PLNR and a Sebi-registered investment advisor

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Every year, thousands of parents sign cheques ranging from ₹2 lakh to ₹4 lakh without their child ever stepping into a university. Long before college offer letters arrive, families shell out lakhs in non-negotiable coaching fees, hoping the investment will improve their child's chances of success.

Without proper planning, many parents end up dipping into life savings or retirement corpus to fund coaching, while others are willing to borrow or even mortgage assets to pay for preparation programmes.

Rising burden

To understand the scale of the financial pressure, one must look at how education's share of household budgets has changed.

According to data from the ministry of statistics and programme implementation (MoSPI), total Indian household spending on education expanded from ₹1.8 lakh crore in 2012 to ₹8.43 lakh crore in 2024—a 4.6-fold increase in just 12 years.

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Educational inflation in India consistently runs at 10-12% annually, nearly double the general CPI inflation rate. At a 10% inflation rate, education costs double every six to seven years.

\"In India, costs and inflation related to education are growing at a multiple of general inflation,\" explained Ramesh Vishwanathan, chief executive officer (CEO), FPSB India, the Indian subsidiary of Financial Planning Standards Board.

\"The first leg of these costs is the coaching classes or preparation required for graduation or post-graduation. Today, a two-year integrated course for IIT-JEE in the 11th and 12th standards will set a parent back by ₹3.5 lakh to ₹4.5 lakh. And this is only the coaching fee. It does not include travel, exam registration fees, or additional study materials.\"

Vishwanathan pointed out that nearly 35 lakh students appear for just two key entrance examinations—NEET and JEE. Yet the supply of premier seats remains limited. For instance, all Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) together offer only 18,951 seats.

Because the odds of cracking these exams are so low, parents are drawn into an increasingly high-stakes coaching ecosystem with hefty price tags in the hope of securing the best possible preparation.

Hazards of ‘herd mentality’

In the rush to secure admission, many parents overlook whether the programme is actually suited to their child's interests and capabilities.

\"There is a herd mentality among parents,\" warned Sanjay Rahate, an internationally certified master career coach based in Mumbai.

“Competitive exams, from a neuroscience perspective, are heavily focused on information retention, rather than deep conceptual understanding. The majority of parents want their children to succeed in well-known streams, but they fail to evaluate what the child is actually capable of or how much intense psychological pressure they can handle.”

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Rahate pointed out another complication: the rise of artificial intelligence has made parents anxious about future-proofing their children's careers, pushing them to believe that only select fields such as technology or medicine are viable. The surge in demand further pushes coaching institute fees higher.

\"If the child does not crack the exam on the first attempt, there is not only the crushing pressure of the money already spent, but also the financial burden of the coaching fee turning into a recurring annual cost,\" Rahate added.

\"In this confused, fluid stage of shifting career paths, there are lots of fake programs coming up each day,\" warned Betty Ann Lijo, a 45-year-old edtech educator from Kochi.

\"With exciting advertisements promising fake career prospects, they seek to exploit vulnerable parents and students. Parents, in their mission to provide the best, sacrifice their savings, time, energy, and even mortgage assets to fund these dreams, making educational exploitation a very real threat.\"

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Emotional spending

For parents, paying these fees is rarely a purely financial decision.

\"There is a massive upward trend in demand that directly correlates with the expectations of parents,\" noted Prashanth P. John, a 49-year-old assistant professor from Kochi.

\"Students frequently feel inferior if they do not join a prestigious coaching centre. Parents believe that funding these classes, often purely out of their hard-earned savings, is central to the very identity of parenting. Because of branding and immense societal pressure, parents do not hesitate to pay these bills to ensure their children's dreams come true.\"

Lalita Tiwari, a homemaker, yoga practitioner and mother of two, echoed the sentiment. \"The cost of education and skill development is rising much faster than our incomes,\" she said.

\"At the same time, the level of competition is such that we feel compelled to provide every possible opportunity to our children. We end up stretching our budgets beyond what we originally planned, simply because we don't want them to miss out.\"

Tiwari highlighted another major issue. \"Unlike schools, where parents can sometimes negotiate or request concessions, coaching institutes have rigid, non-negotiable fee structures. If you believe it will benefit your child, you simply have to pay.\"

Debt trap

When parents fail to plan for these pre-college expenses, the consequences can extend well beyond education.

Vishwanathan warned that parents who do not prepare for coaching costs often dip into long-term savings, liquidate retirement portfolios or redeem equity investments prematurely.

If cash flows run dry, families may even resort to high-interest loans or pledge assets such as gold.

To avoid this trap, coaching expenses should be treated as a predictable near-term financial goal rather than an emergency. Parents should begin planning early and seek guidance from qualified financial planners where necessary.

Planning ahead

Starting early is essential, but deciding where to invest is equally important. The challenge is to beat education inflation of 10-12% while avoiding unnecessary risks that could erode capital.

According to Jinal Mehta, a certified financial planner in Mumbai, the cleanest approach is to adopt a two-bucket strategy because coaching and college fees arise at different points in time.

Coaching expenses should remain in liquid or near-liquid instruments such as fixed deposits, short-duration debt funds or arbitrage funds, since the money is usually required within two to four years.

The second bucket is for degree costs, which typically lie more than five years away. This allows parents to remain equity-heavy in the early years, allocating up to 60-80% to equities before gradually reducing exposure as the goal approaches.

Starting early is crucial, she added.

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\"Back-solving today's target using an inflated coaching-cost estimate is the right way to size contributions early. Coaching costs are far messier to predict than degree costs, as they swing wildly depending on the stream. This can shift entirely if the child changes track. So it needs an early start and revisiting every year as the picture gets clearer,\" she said.

Mehta also advised parents to avoid small-cap and mid-cap equity funds, credit-risk debt funds, long-duration debt funds and sectoral or thematic funds for this goal.

Vinit Iyer, managing director at Prudeno Wealth Advisors, recommended a conservative hybrid approach. \"One can go with a conservative hybrid fund, with not more than 10-20% equity allocation. The remaining can go into debt,\" he explained.

In cases where students need to repeat coaching, Iyer suggested temporarily drawing from the college corpus and replenishing it as soon as possible.

Preparing for the multi-lakh coaching bill requires families to start early, review their plans every year as their child's interests evolve and manage the final two-to-three years before the expense carefully. Doing so can help ensure that retirement savings and college funds remain intact long before the admission letter arrives.

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