Bypolls 2023 Highlights: The by-elections for seven assembly constituencies in six states, namely Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Kerala, Tripura, West Bengal, and Jharkhand, are scheduled for Tuesday. This marks the inaugural showdown between the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance (NDA) and the recently established Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance (INDIA) from the opposition camp.
The by-polls hold significance as they precede the state assembly elections later this year and the Lok Sabha elections in 2024.
By-elections are slated for two constituencies, Boxanagar and Dhanpur, in Tripura. In Kerala, the Puthuppally seat became vacant following the passing of Oommen Chandy. Additionally, the Ghosi seat in Uttar Pradesh was vacated when Samajwadi Party (SP) MLA and prominent OBC leader Dara Singh Chauhan resigned from the position and rejoined the BJP. Check all the latest updates here.
UP Bypolls 2023 LIVE: Over 49% polling till 5 pm in Ghosi assembly bypoll
UP Bypolls 2023 LIVE: More than 49% of the electorate in Uttar Pradesh's Ghosi assembly constituency cast their votes till 5 pm for the bypoll on Tuesday, the first electoral showdown in the state after the formation of the opposition INDIA bloc.
Officials said voting being held at 455 polling stations was supposed to conclude at 6 pm but voters present at the polling centres till 6 pm were allowed to cast their votes.
The bypoll was necessitated following the resignation of Dara Singh Chauhan, who had won the seat in the 2022 UP Assembly polls, from the Samajwadi Party in July. He returned to the BJP and was selected by the party to contest the bypoll.
The SP has fielded Sudhakar Singh for the by-election.
Uttarakhand Bypolls 2023 LIVE: 55% polling till 5 pm in Bageshwar assembly
Uttarakhand Bypolls 2023 LIVE: More than 55% of the electorate cast their votes on Tuesday to seal the fate of five candidates in the fray for the Bageshwar assembly bypoll in Uttarakhand. Till 5 pm, 55.42 per cent voting was recorded, Bageshwar District Magistrate Anuradha Paul told PTI.
UP Bypolls 2023 LIVE: Over 49% polling till 5 pm in Ghosi assembly bypoll
UP Bypolls 2023 LIVE: More than 49% of the electorate in Uttar Pradesh's Ghosi assembly constituency cast their votes till 5 pm for the bypoll on Tuesday, the first electoral showdown in the state after the formation of the opposition INDIA bloc.
Officials said voting being held at 455 polling stations was supposed to conclude at 6 pm but voters present at the polling centres till 6 pm were allowed to cast their votes.
The bypoll was necessitated following the resignation of Dara Singh Chauhan, who had won the seat in the 2022 UP Assembly polls, from the Samajwadi Party in July. He returned to the BJP and was selected by the party to contest the bypoll. (PTI)
UP Bypolls 2023 LIVE: Big turnout in Puthuppally Assembly bypoll in Kerala
UP Bypolls 2023 LIVE: Brisk voting took place in the by-election for the Puthuppally assembly constituency in Kerala's Kottayam district in the first half of Tuesday, with the turnout exceeding 50 per cent by 2 pm, as intermittent rainfall did not deter voters from exercising their franchise.
With men, women and youngsters queuing up early to cast their votes, polling opened at 7 am to decide whether the opposition UDF would retain the seat held by Congress stalwart and late Kerala CM Oommen Chandy for 53 years, or LDF would attain the figure of 100 in the state assembly. (PTI)
Tripura Bypolls 2023: 76% voter turnout recorded till 3 pm in 2 assembly seats
An average voter turnout of 76 per cent was recorded till 3 pm of polling in the by-elections to Dhanpur and Boxanagar assembly seats in Tripura's Sepahijala district on Tuesday, an official said.
Voting began at 7 am in 59 booths in Dhanpur assembly constituency and 51 in Boxanagar, and was scheduled to continue till 4 pm.
"I urge the people to maintain peace during the polling and repeat the precedent of peaceful voting like of last assembly elections," Chief Minister Manik Saha said in a Facebook post.
BJP's Tafajjal Hussain, who unsuccessfully contested the last assembly election from Boxanagar, is contesting against CPI(M) nominee Mizan Hussain from there. (PTI)
Uttar Pradesh Bypolls 2023: ‘BJP will win elections with majority,’ says Dara Singh
Uttar Pradesh Bypolls 2023: Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) leader Dara Singh Chouhan, a candidate for the Ghosi by-elections in Uttar Pradesh on Tuesday said that his party will get the majority in the poll when the results are out on September 8.
Talking to ANI, Singh said that he could see people’s trust in the leadership of Prime Minister Narendra and Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Yogi Adiyanath. (ANI)
UP Bypolls 2023 LIVE: 6 injured in stray violence in Tripura
An average voter turnout of 76 per cent was recorded till 3 pm of polling in the by-elections to Dhanpur and Boxanagar assembly seats in Tripura's Sepahijala district on Tuesday, an official said.
Voting began at 7 am in 59 booths in Dhanpur assembly constituency and 51 in Boxanagar, and was scheduled to continue till 4 pm.
Police said six persons were injured when they were allegedly attacked by some villagers at Mohanbhog in Dhanpur Assembly constituency.
The villagers set fire to five motorcycles, triggering tension, but the situation was brought under control, a police officer said, adding, the injured have been admitted to hospital and are out of danger. (PTI)
UP Bypolls 2023 LIVE: Dhupguri seat to put INDIA opposition bloc's unity to test
In a high-stakes political showdown, the opposition bloc is facing a pivotal test in the upcoming bypoll for the Dhupguri assembly segment. The key players in this battle are the Trinamool Congress (TMC) and the Congress-CPI(M) alliance, both vying to capture this rural seat in North Bengal, currently held by the BJP.
The vacancy arose following the passing of the sitting BJP MLA, Bishu Pada Ray, earlier this year. Dhupguri, situated in the Jalpaiguri district, is characterized by its tea gardens and an agricultural population. The constituency comprises a substantial number of Rajbanshi and Matua communities, which had voted in favor of the saffron camp during the 2021 assembly polls. Additionally, the region has a minority population of around 15 percent. Read More
UP Bypolls 2023 LIVE: Big turnout in Puthuppally Assembly bypoll in Kerala
UP Bypolls 2023 LIVE: Brisk voting took place in the by-election for the Puthuppally assembly constituency in Kerala's Kottayam district in the first half of Tuesday, with the turnout exceeding 50 per cent by 2 pm, as intermittent rainfall did not deter voters from exercising their franchise.
With men, women and youngsters queuing up early to cast their votes, polling opened at 7 am to decide whether the opposition UDF would retain the seat held by Congress stalwart and late Kerala CM Oommen Chandy for 53 years, or LDF would attain the figure of 100 in the state assembly. (PTI)
UP Bypolls 2023 LIVE: 51% votes cast till 1 pm in Dhupguri assembly seat
UP Bypolls 2023 LIVE: In the Dhupguri assembly seat of West Bengal, 51% votes were cast till 1 PM.
UP Bypolls 2023 LIVE: 60.6% turnout in Dhanpur and Boxanagar assembly seats
UP Bypolls 2023 LIVE: The Dhanpur and Boxanagar assembly seats have witnessed 60.6% turnout till 1:00 PM
UP Bypolls 2023 LIVE: Bageshwar assembly bypoll after death of Chandan Ram Das
UP Bypolls 2023 LIVE: Bageshwar assembly bypoll was necessitated by the death of sitting BJP MLA and cabinet minister Chandan Ram Das in April.
UP Bypolls 2023 LIVE: Ghosi assembly records 33.52% polling till 1 PM
UP Bypolls 2023 LIVE: The Ghosi assembly seat in Uttar Pradesh has recorded 33.52% polling till 1:00 PM.
UP Bypolls 2023 LIVE: Ghosi assembly records 21.57 per cent polling till 11 am
Over 20 per cent voter turnout was recorded till 11 am for the Ghosi assembly bye-election in Uttar Pradesh began on Tuesday morning, the Election Commission of India said.
The voting for the bye-elections to the other six assembly constituencies of several states, including Uttarakhand, Kerala, Tripura, West Bengal, and Jharkhand, started on Tuesday at 7 am.
Voting is slated to go on till 5 pm. (ANI)
Tripura Bypolls 2023 LIVE: BJP and CPI(M) face-off in head-to-head battle for Dhanpur, Boxanagar seats
Voting is underway in Tripura's Dhanpur and Boxanagar assembly seats in the Sepahijala district.
BJP organized mega rallies, road shows, motorbike rallies, and door-to-door campaigns in the district.
CPI(M) politburo member Manik Sarkar and party's state secretary Jitendra Chaudhury along with leaders campaigned for its candidates, but Tipra Motha, the main opposition, and Congress stayed away from campaigning making the electoral battle a one-on-one contest. Read the complete story here.
Jharkhand Bypolls 2023 LIVE: INDIA bloc and NDA to clash over Dumri assembly seat
Both alliances consider this seat crucial, with Jharkhand Mukti Morcha (JMM) asserting that the INDIA bloc will kickstart its winning streak in Dumri, while the NDA expresses confidence in wresting the seat from JMM.
The by-election in Dumri was prompted by the passing of Jagarnath Mahto, a JMM MLA and former education minister, in April. Mahto had been the representative for this constituency since 2004.
In this bypoll, the JMM has put forward Bebi Devi, Jagarnath Mahto's widow, as the candidate for the INDIA bloc, while the AJSU Party has selected Yashoda Devi to represent the NDA. Read the full story here.
Uttar Pradesh Bypolls 2023: ‘BJP will win elections with majority,’ says Dara Singh
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) leader Dara Singh Chouhan, a candidate for the Ghosi by-elections in Uttar Pradesh on Tuesday said that his party will get the majority in the poll when the results are out on September 8.
Talking to ANI, Singh said that he could see people’s trust in the leadership of Prime Minister Narendra and Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Yogi Adiyanath. (ANI)
Uttarakhand Bypoll 2023 LIVE: Bageshwar assembly seat sees 38% voting turnout till 1 pm
Uttarakhand's Bageshwar assembly seat recorded a 38% voting turnout till 1 pm.
Tripura Bypolls 2023 LIVE: Boxanagar sees 61.61% voting
61.61 % of polling was recorded at Boxanagar and 59.62% at Dhanpur till 1 pm.
UP Bypolls LIVE: UP's Ghosi sees over 33% voting turnout till 1 PM
UP's Ghosi sees over 33% voting turnout till 1 PM.
Bypolls 2023 LIVE: Big turnout in Puthuppally Assembly bypoll in Kerala despite on and off rains
Brisk voting took place in the by-election for the Puthuppally assembly constituency in Kerala's Kottayam district in the first half of Tuesday as intermittent rainfall did not deter voters from exercising their franchise.
With men, women and youngsters queuing up early to cast their votes, polling opened at 7 am to decide whether the opposition UDF would retain the seat held by Congress stalwart and late Kerala CM Oommen Chandy for 53 years, or LDF would attain the figure of 100 in the state assembly.
By afternoon, the voter turnout percentage was more than 44 per cent at the total 182 polling stations in the constituency. (PTI)
Puthupally bypoll: Congress candidate Chandy Oommen casts vote
Chandy Oommen, a Congress candidate from Puthupally Assembly constituency, where voting for the bye-election is underway, cast his vote on Tuesday morning.
The voting for the bye-elections to the seven assembly constituencies of six states, including Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Kerala, Tripura, West Bengal, and Jharkhand, started on Tuesday at 7 am.
Bengal bypoll LIVE Updates: Dhupguri seat to put INDIA opposition bloc's unity to test
In a high-stakes political showdown, the opposition bloc is facing a pivotal test in the upcoming bypoll for the Dhupguri assembly segment. The key players in this battle are the Trinamool Congress (TMC) and the Congress-CPI(M) alliance, both vying to capture this rural seat in North Bengal, currently held by the BJP. Read the full story here.
UP's Ghosi assembly bypoll LIVE: 21.57 per cent votes cast till 11 am
Over 21 per cent of the electorate in Uttar Pradesh's Ghosi Assembly constituency cast their votes in the first four hours of polling for the by-election on Tuesday, the first electoral showdown in Uttar Pradesh after the formation of the opposition INDIA bloc.
Voting began at 7 am and is being held at 455 polling stations. It is slated to conclude at 6 pm.
The bypoll was necessitated following the resignation of Dara Singh Chauhan, who had won the seat in the 2022 Uttar Pradesh Assembly polls, from the Samajwadi Party in July. He returned to the BJP and was selected by the party to contest the bypoll. (PTI)
Bengal bypoll LIVE: Dhupguri seat to put INDIA opposition bloc's unity to test
In a high-stakes political showdown, the opposition bloc is facing a pivotal test in the upcoming bypoll for the Dhupguri assembly segment. The key players in this battle are the Trinamool Congress (TMC) and the Congress-CPI(M) alliance, both vying to capture this rural seat in North Bengal, currently held by the BJP. Read the full story here.
West Bengal Dhupguri bypoll LIVE: A litmus test for parties ahead of Lok Sabha elections
Voting for the Dhupguri bypoll in the Jalpaiguri district of West Bengal is underway with a total of 2,69,416 voters exercising their franchise to decide the fate of the candidates of the three major parties – the ruling Trinamool Congress (TMC), the BJP, and the CPI(M), backed by the Congress.
The triangular contest will be a litmus test for these major parties mainly for the INDIA bloc which are pitted against each other in Dhupguri.
The seat, won by BJP’s Bishnu Pada Ray in 2021 Assembly polls by over 4,300 votes, fell vacant after Ray’s death in July, thereby necessitating the bye-elections. (ANI)
Jharkhand Bypolls LIVE: Over 27% voter turnout till 11 am in Dumri assembly bypoll
Over 27 per cent of 2.98 lakh voters exercised their franchise till 9 a.m. on Tuesday in the by-election to Dumri assembly seat in Jharkhand, an official said.
The polling is underway peacefully across the constituency, and the turnout was 27.56 per cent after the first four hours of voting, he said. (PTI)
Bengal Bypoll 2023: Over 34 pc votes cast till 11 am in Dhupguri assembly seat
More than 34 per cent voting was recorded in the by-election to Dhupguri assembly seat in West Bengal's Jalpaiguri district till 11 am , an official said.
Polling began amid tight security at 7 am across 260 booths in the constituency, he said.
“At the moment, polling is absolutely peaceful. Tight security measures are in place and there is an adequate number of forces," the Election Commission official told PTI. (PTI)
Bypolls 2023 LIVE Updates: Late Kerala CM Oommen Chandy still figures in Puthuppally voter list
As polling for the Puthuppally assembly seat commenced on Tuesday, former Kerala Chief Minister Oommen Chandy -- whose death necessitated the bypoll -- still figured among the list of over 1.76 lakh voters in the constituency.
Chandy's name figured at serial 647 in the voters list at the Georgian Public School (CBSE) polling booth in Puthuppally (North Portion) here.
Election analysts were of the view that the short span within which the bypoll was announced and polling was held, after the demise of the Congress stalwart, did not give the Election Commission enough time to remove the former Kerala CM's name from the electoral roll. (PTI)
West Bengal Bypoll LIVE Updates: Over 34% votes cast till 11 AM in Dhupguri assembly seat
More than 34 per cent voting was recorded in the by-election to Dhupguri assembly seat in West Bengal's Jalpaiguri district till 11 am , an official said.
Polling began amid tight security at 7 am across 260 booths in the constituency, he said.
“At the moment, polling is absolutely peaceful. Tight security measures are in place and there is an adequate number of forces," the Election Commission official told PTI. (PTI)
Uttarakhand Bypolls LIVE: Uttarakhand’s Bageshwar records 26.03% voting turnout till 11 AM
In the Bageshwar Assembly by-election, the voter turnout was recorded at 26.03 per cent while in Tripura’s Dhanpur, it was recorded at 39.48 per cent, and in West Bengal’s Dhupguri, it was at 34.26 per cent.
The Election Commission will release the results of bye-elections on Friday, September 8. (ANI)
Tripura Bypolls LIVE: Boxanagar sees 40.49% and Dhanpur records 39.48% turnout till 11 am
According to an Election Department official, as of 11 AM on Tuesday, voter turnout in the Boxanagar and Dhanpur constituencies of Tripura's Sepahijala district stood at 40.49 percent and 39.48 percent, respectively, across a total of 110 polling stations.
Ghosi assembly bypolls 2023 LIVE: UP's Ghosi assembly seat sees 9.12% voting till 11 AM
In the first four hours of voting for the by-election in Uttar Pradesh's Ghosi Assembly constituency, more than 21% of the eligible voters have participated. This election marks the first electoral contest in Uttar Pradesh following the emergence of the opposition INDIA bloc. The voting process commenced at 7 am and is taking place across 455 polling stations, scheduled to conclude at 6 pm.
Ghosi assembly bypolls 2023 LIVE: 'BJP and lotus will bloom in Ghosi,' claims UP Dy CM Brajesh Pathak| WATCH
Bypolls 2023 LIVE: Voting begins on seven seats in six states; INDIA Bloc faces debut electoral challenge
In what could be seen as a litmus test for the Opposition bloc –Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance or INDIA against the Bharatiya Janata Party-led National Democratic Alliance (NDA) ahead of crucial state assembly polls later this year and the 2024 Lok Sabha elections, polling for by-election to seven assembly seats in six states will be held on Tuesday. Read full story here.
Puthupally Bypoll LIVE: Congress candidate Chandy Oommen casts vote
Chandy Oommen, a Congress candidate from Puthupally Assembly constituency, where voting for the bye-election is underway, cast his vote on Tuesday morning. (ANI)
Bypolls 2023 LIVE Updates: 18.71 per cent voter turnout recorded in first two hours in two assembly seats in Tripura
n average voter turnout of 18.71 per cent was recorded in the first two hours of polling on Tuesday in the by-elections to Dhanpur and Boxanagar assembly seats in Tripura's Sepahijala district, an EC official said.
Polling began at 7 a.m. in 59 booths in Dhanpur assembly constituency and 51 in Boxanagar, and is scheduled to continue till 4 p.m. (PTI)
Bypolls 2023 LIVE Updates: Congress candidate Chandy Oommen casts vote in Kerala's Puthupally bypoll
Chandy Oommen, a Congress candidate from Puthupally Assembly constituency, where voting for the bye-election is underway, cast his vote on Tuesday morning.
The voting for the bye-elections to the seven assembly constituencies of six states, including Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Kerala, Tripura, West Bengal, and Jharkhand, started on Tuesday at 7 am.
The son of late Congress veteran, Oommen Chandy, visited St. George Orthodox church ahead of voting. (ANI)
Bypolls 2023 LIVE Updates: 'Votes are being conducted peacefully,' says Mau District Magistrate| WATCH
Bypolls 2023 LIVE Updates: Kerala's ruling CPI(M) contemplates dropping case against NSS over 'namajapa' protest
The ruling CPI(M) in Kerala is mulling over withdrawing the case lodged against members of the influential Nair Service Society (NSS) for their 'namajapa' protest over Speaker A N Shamseer's alleged remarks about a Hindu deity.
An indication in this regard came on Monday, on the eve of Puthuppally assembly bypoll, through the legal opinion of a government lawyer advising the police to drop further investigation in the case and to file a final report to that effect before the jurisdictional court.
The Cantonment Police here had registered an FIR against NSS Vice President Sangeeth Kumar and a thousand other identifiable members of the organisation in connection with the protest held on August 2. (PTI)
Bypolls 2023 LIVE Updates: Voting underway for bypoll in Bageshwar assembly seat
The voting procedure started on Tuesday at 7 am. Even though there are five candidates in the fray, the main contest in the constituency is likely to remain between the Bhartiya Janta Party's Parvati Das and the Congress' Basant Kumar.
The death of Parvati’s husband, Chandan Ram Das, from the Bageshwar constituency necessitated a bye-election in the Bagehwar Assembly. Kumar was previously the vice president of the Aam Adami Party (AAP) state unit.
He resigned from the AAP to join the Congress Party. Notably, Parvati's husband was a strong candidate from the Bageshwar seat as he had been winning the elections from the same seat for four consecutive polls since 2007. (ANI)
Bypolls 2023 LIVE Updates: 18.71 per cent voter turnout recorded in first two hours in two assembly seats in Tripura
An average voter turnout of 18.71 per cent was recorded in the first two hours of polling on Tuesday in the by-elections to Dhanpur and Boxanagar assembly seats in Tripura's Sepahijala district, an EC official said.
Polling began at 7 a.m. in 59 booths in Dhanpur assembly constituency and 51 in Boxanagar, and is scheduled to continue till 4 p.m.
"Polling began in two assembly constituencies peacefully. I appeal to the voters to come out and exercise their democratic rights. I also urge the people to maintain peace during the polling and repeat the precedent of peaceful voting like of last assembly elections," Chief Minister Manik Saha said in a Facebook post. (PTI)
Bypolls 2023 LIVE Updates: Over 17% cast votes in first two hours in Dhupguri assembly seat of West Bengal
Over 17 per cent voting was recorded in the by-election to Dhupguri assembly seat in West Bengal's Jalpaiguri district in the first two hours of polling, an official said.
Polling began, amid tight security, at 7 a.m. across 260 booths in the constituency, and the poll percentage stood at 17.25 till 9 a.m., he said.
"The polling has been peaceful so far. No untoward incident has been reported," the Election Commission official said.
Tight security arrangements are in place across all the booths which are manned by central paramilitary forces where the casting of votes will continue till 6.30 p.m. (PTI)
Bypolls 2023 LIVE Updates: Voting continues in Maoist-affected Dumri assembly seat amid tight security
With the deployment of polling officials and security personnel in their respective booths, voting is underway at the Maoist-affected Dumri assembly seat. Nearly three lakh voters will decide the electoral fate of six candidates.
The polling in 373 polling stations, of which 200 are Maoist-affected, will continue till 5 pm.
Over 2.98 lakh voters, including 1.44 lakh women, are eligible to exercise their franchise in the by-election. The counting of votes will take place on September 8.
Besides central forces, various wings of Jharkhand Police have been deployed to ensure free and peaceful voting, a senior police officer said.
Voting will be held in 373 polling stations in 240 buildings falling in three blocks of two districts --- Giridih and Bokaro. (PTI)
Bypolls 2023 LIVE Updates: 11.40 pc voter turnout till 9 am in Dumri assembly bypoll
In the Dumri assembly bypoll in Jharkhand, the voter turnout stood at 11.40 per cent as of 9 AM.
The polling is underway peacefully across the constituency, and the turnout is recorded at 11.40 per cent in the first two hours of voting, he said.
Jharkhand Chief Minister Hemant Soren extended his wishes to voters and polling officials and appealed to electors to exercise their franchise.
"Today, there is an election in Dumri to empower those who protect Jharkhandi pride, today is the election to honour the one who dedicates himself to his people, today Dumri will choose its future who will always fight for the protection of Jharkhand and Jharkhandi, today in Dumri, democracy will once again defeat money system," Soren wrote on X, formerly Twitter. (PTI)
Bypolls 2023 LIVE Updates: Tripura records over 18% voting turnout by 9 AM
Tripura By-elections: Boxanagar sees 18.97% voter turnout, Dhanpur records 18.71% by 9 AM
Bypolls 2023 LIVE Updates: Kerala's Puthuppally records 21.22% voting turnout till 10 am
21.22% voting recorded till 10 am in Kerala's Puthuppally.
Bypolls 2023 LIVE Updates: WB Dhupguri bypoll, a litmus test for parties ahead of Lok Sabha elections
Voting for the Dhupguri bypoll in the Jalpaiguri district of West Bengal is underway with a total of 2,69,416 voters exercising their franchise to decide the fate of the candidates of the three major parties – the ruling Trinamool Congress (TMC), the BJP, and the CPI(M), backed by the Congress.
The triangular contest will be a litmus test for these major parties mainly for the INDIA bloc which are pitted against each other in Dhupguri. (ANI)
Bypolls 2023 LIVE Updates: JMM candidate from Jharkhand's Dumri casts her vote in Assembly bypolls
Jharkhand Minister and Dumri by-poll candidate Bebi Devi cast her vote on Tuesday morning and exuded confidence in people's support.
While speaking to ANI, after coming out of the polling booth, Bebi Devi said, "I have full support from the people here. I have cast my vote. Anything can only be said after September 8, when the results are announced..."
A bypoll in Jharkhand's Dumri was necessitated after the death of Jharkhand Mukti Morcha (JMM) MLA Jagarnath Mahto.
JMM filed Mahto's wife, Bebi Devi, who is representing the India bloc, against NDA's Yashoda Devu and All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen (AIMIM) Abdul Rizvi. (ANI)