The prospect of artificial general intelligence—systems capable of performing any human cognitive task—has inspired both hope and anxiety.
While artificial general intelligence could usher in an unprecedented increase in global living standards, it could also sharply reduce demand for human labour, fuelling unemployment, social unrest and conflict. Much of the AI debate in recent years has swung between these two extremes.
Strikingly, one of the most insightful analyses of the promise and peril of artificial general intelligence came from OpenAI chief executive officer Sam Altman. In a blog post originally published in 2023 and updated in 2025, Altman displayed a measure of philosophical scepticism uncommon among tech optimists. “We want [artificial general intelligence] to empower humanity to maximally flourish in the universe,” he wrote, while recognizing that doing so would require “successfully navigating massive risks.”
To be sure, some scepticism is warranted when assessing the potential benefits of technological advances.
Since the Enlightenment [the late 17th to late 18th century intellectual movement in Europe that saw reason, science and individual liberty overcome traditional ways of thinking], humanity has increasingly rejected superstition and dogma in favour of the sceptical spirit of scientific inquiry, and, over time, nurtured the belief that scientific progress is inherently beneficial.
While individual discoveries like the atomic bomb can be destructive, the thinking goes, science as a whole, which gives us a deeper understanding of nature, is as an unqualified force for good and, by extension, greater human welfare. What is often overlooked, however, is that unquestioning faith in science can itself become a form of dogma.
In a 2024 paper, Jörgen Weibull and I used game theory to explore this dynamic. When humans interact under conditions of uncertainty, where what is rational for one person depends on what is rational for others, a new scientific discovery can uncover situations that resemble the classic prisoner’s dilemma, in which individually rational behaviour leads to outcomes that leave everyone worse off.
The rise of artificial general intelligence could prove to be one such event. Altman’s scepticism is, therefore, well placed.
As he notes, artificial general intelligence “has the potential to give everyone incredible new capabilities,” but it could also lead to “drastic accidents and societal disruptions.”
The challenge, then, is to minimize the risk of a “knowledge curse.”Given that the future remains uncertain, the best we can do is make informed guesses and adopt prudent preventive measures.
Altman is right to argue that these challenges cannot be left solely to the private sector. Addressing them will require some degree of resource redistribution and concerted international cooperation.
Perhaps the most serious likely consequence of artificial general intelligence is a decline in the demand for labour.
Crucially, this does not mean people will have nothing to do; indeed, they may enjoy unprecedented amounts of leisure. But if labour is defined as it is in economics textbooks—as any activity undertaken for compensation—a world powered by artificial general intelligence in which machines outperform humans in virtually every domain could render it obsolete.
Since the vast majority of adults depend on labour income to survive, such a transformation could deprive billions of people of their livelihoods.
For this reason, Altman has advocated a universal basic income, which would guarantee every person a minimum standard of living.
Yet, even that may not be sufficient. Beyond its impact on jobs and incomes, artificial general intelligence could pave the way for an era of global authoritarianism.
If control of these systems ends up highly concentrated, a tiny elite of mega-billionaires could come to wield unprecedented power over all of humanity. As Altman argues, the prevention of such an outcome requires the “benefits of, access to, and governance of [artificial general intelligence] to be widely and fairly shared.”
As with a universal basic income, broad access to artificial general intelligence is only part of the solution. It is equally important to prevent extreme concentrations of wealth and power that could push societies past the point at which democracy gives way to authoritarianism.
To this end, what may be needed is a universal basic share: a system that limits how much of the world’s wealth any individual or small group can hold. This matters not only for the poor, but also for many affluent people.
In a world where a few thousand individuals control the levers of artificial general intelligence, even today’s millionaires could find themselves among tomorrow’s underclasses. ©2026/Project Syndicate
The author is a professor of economics at Cornell University and a former chief economic advisor to the Government of India.